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A pc murah laptop computer or just laptop (also pc or notebook) could be a small mobile personal computer, typically weighing from one to three kilograms, looking on size, materials and different factors.

While the terms "laptop" and "notebook" are typically used interchangeably, "laptop" is the older term, introduced in 1983 with the Gavilan SC. "Notebook computer" may be a later coinage, that was used to differentiate smaller devices like those of the Compaq LTE series in 1989, which were, in distinction to previous laptops, the approximate size of an A4 paper sheet.[1] Either term is commonly used improperly: thanks to heat and different issues, many laptops are inappropriate for use on one's lap, and most are not the size of an A4 sheet. Although, some older moveable computers, like the Macintosh portable and bound Zenith TurbosPort models, were typically described as "laptops", their size and weight were too great for this class.

Laptops usually run on a single battery or from an external AC/DC adapter which might charge the battery while conjointly supplying power to the pc itself.

An Acer laptop with touchpadAs personal computers, laptops are capable of constant tasks as a desktop laptop, although they're typically less powerful for an equivalent price. They contain components that are kind of like their desktop counterparts and perform constant functions, but are miniaturized and optimized for mobile use and efficient power consumption. Laptops typically have liquid crystal displays and most of them use completely different memory modules for their RAM (for instance, SO-DIMM in lieu of the larger DIMMs). in addition to a built-in keyboard, they will utilize a touchpad (also referred to as a trackpad) or a pointing stick for input, though an external keyboard or mouse will typically be hooked up.

Categories Terms generally used for subtypes of laptop computers include:

Ultraportables Laptops with screens generally but twelve inches diagonally and a weight of less than 1.7kg. Their primary audience is typically business travellers, who need little, light-weight laptops. Ultraportables are typically terribly expensive and house power-saving CPUs and nearly always have integrated graphics. Thin-and-lights Laptops sometimes weighing in between 1.8kg and 2.8kg with a screen size of between twelve and 14 inches diagonally. Medium-sized laptops These usually have screens of 15 - fifteen.4 inches diagonally and a weight of around 3-3.5kg. they usually sacrifice a little computing power for smaller dimensions and longer battery life, though the length and width are usually determined by the screen size. Desktop replacement computers Powerful laptops meant to be mainly employed in a fixed location and sometimes allotted due to their weight and size; the latter provides more room for powerful elements and an enormous screen, usually measuring 15 inches or a lot of. Desktop replacements tend to have limited battery life, rarely exceeding 3 hours, as a result of the hardware does not optimize power potency. History Before laptop/notebook computers were technically possible, similar concepts had been proposed, most notably Alan Kay's Dynabook concept, developed at Xerox PARC in the early Nineteen Seventies.

The komputer murah first commercially out there transportable computer was the Osborne one in 1981, that used the CP/M operating system. although it was giant and serious compared to today's laptops, with a small CRT monitor, it had a near-revolutionary impact on business, as professionals were able to take their laptop and information with them for the first time. This and different "luggables" were impressed by what was most likely the first portable computer, the Xerox NoteTaker, once more developed at Xerox PARC, in 1976; but, only 10 prototypes were engineered. The Osborne was about the dimensions of a transportable stitching machine, and importantly could be carried on an ad aircraft. However, it had been uphill to run the Osborne on batteries; it had to be plugged in.

A additional enduring success was the Compaq moveable, the first product from Compaq, introduced in 1983, by which era the IBM notebook computer had become the standard platform. although scarcely more portable than the Osborne machines, and additionally requiring AC power to run, it ran MS-DOS and was the primary true IBM clone (IBM's own later transportable pc, that arrived in 1984, was notably less IBM PC-compatible than the Compaq[citation needed]).

Another important machine announced in 1981, although initial sold widely in 1983, was the Epson HX-20. a straightforward handheld laptop, it featured a full-transit 68-key keyboard, rechargeable nickel-cadmium batteries, alittle (120 x 32-pixel) dot-matrix LCD display with four lines of text, twenty characters per line text mode, a 24 column dot matrix printer, a Microsoft BASIC interpreter, and 16 kB of RAM (expandable to thirty two kB).

However, arguably the first true laptop was the GRiD Compass 1101, designed by Bill Moggridge in 1979-1980, and released in 1982. Enclosed in a very magnesium case, it introduced the currently acquainted clamshell style, within which the flat show folded shut against the keyboard. the pc might be run from batteries, and was equipped with a 320×200-pixel plasma show and 384 kilobyte bubble memory. it was not IBM-compatible, and its high price (US$ 10,000) restricted it to specialised applications. However, it absolutely was used heavily by the U.S. military, and by NASA on the area Shuttle during the Nineteen Eighties. The GRiD's manufacturer subsequently earned important returns on its patent rights as its innovations became commonplace. GRiD Systems Corp. was later bought by Tandy (RadioShack).

Two different noteworthy early laptops were the Sharp PC-5000 and also the Gavilan SC, announced in 1983 however first sold in 1984. The Gavilan was notably the first computer to be marketed as a "laptop". it absolutely was also equipped with a pioneering touchpad-like pointing device, put in on a panel higher than the keyboard. just like the GRiD Compass, the Gavilan and also the Sharp were housed in clamshell cases, but they were partly IBM-compatible, though primarily running their own system software. both had LCD displays, and could hook up with optional external printers.

The year 1983 additionally saw the launch of what was most likely the biggest-selling early laptop, the Kyocera Kyotronic eighty five, which owed abundant to the design of the previous Epson HX-20. although it was initially a slow seller in Japan, it absolutely was quickly licensed by Tandy Corporation, Olivetti, and NEC, which saw its potential and marketed it respectively as TRS-80 Model one hundred line (or Tandy 100), Olivetti M-10, NEC PC-8201.[2] The machines ran on normal AA batteries. The Tandy's built-in programs, including a BASIC interpreter, a text editor, and a terminal program, were supplied by Microsoft, and are thought to own been written in part by Bill Gates himself. the computer wasn't a clamshell, but provided a tiltable 8×40-character LCD screen higher than a full-travel keyboard. With its internal modem, it had been a highly moveable communications terminal. because of its portability, sensible battery life (and simple replacement), reliability (it had no moving parts), and low worth (as very little as US$ 300), the model was highly regarded, turning into a favourite among journalists. It weighed less than two kg with dimensions of thirty × 21.5 × 4.5 cm (12 × 8.5 × 1.75 inches). Initial specifications included eight kilobyte of RAM (expandable to twenty four kB) and a three MHz processor. The machine was indeed concerning the dimensions of a paper notebook, but the term had nevertheless to return into use and it had been usually described as a "portable" pc.

Among the primary business IBM-compatible laptops were the IBM computer Convertible, introduced in 1986, and two Toshiba models, the T1000 and T1200, introduced in 1987. though restricted floppy-based DOS machines, with the operating system stored in read-only memory, the Toshiba models were tiny and light enough to be carried in a backpack, and could be get away lead-acid batteries. These also introduced the now-standard "resume" feature to DOS-based machines: the computer may be paused between sessions, without having to be restarted every time.

The first laptops successful on an outsized scale came in large half attributable to a call for participation For Proposal (RFP) by the U.S. Air Force in 1987. This contract would eventually lead to the acquisition of over 200,000 laptops. Competition to produce this contract was fiercely contested and therefore the major computer corporations of the time; IBM, Toshiba, Compaq, NEC, and Zenith knowledge Systems (ZDS), rushed to develop laptops in an endeavor to win this deal. ZDS, that had earlier won a landmark wear down the IRS for its Z-171, was awarded this contract for its SupersPort series. The SupersPort series was originally launched with an Intel 8086 processor, twin floppy disk drives, a backlit, blue and white STN LCD screen, and a NiCD battery pack. Later models featured an Intel 80286 processor and a 20MB hard disk drive. On the strength of this deal, ZDS became the world's largest laptop supplier in 1987 and 1988.

ZDS partnered with Tottori Sanyo in the style and producing of those laptops. This relationship is notable as a result of it was the first deal between a significant brand and an Asian OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer). At the time, Compaq, IBM, Toshiba, NEC, etc. all designed and made their own machines. However, when the success of the ZDS providing alternative relationships, like Compaq and Citizen, soon followed. At this time the standard of Japanese engineering and producing in conjunction with the strength of the dollar relative to the yen (typically regarding a hundred thirty Yen = $1) drove most brands to suppliers in Japan. companies like Sanyo, Tottori Sanyo, Citizen, and Casio were all heavily involved during this business as OEMs. However, by the mid-1990s a weakening greenback and also the rising viability of Taiwanese OEMs like Acer, Quanta, Compal, Twinhead, and Chicony lead the supply base to rapidly shift from Japan to Taiwan. Additionally, brands that were additional nimble and relied less on internal engineering like Gateway, Dell and Micron began to rise quickly to leadership positions. combinations such as Dell/Compal and Gateway/Quanta eventually became powerhouse partnerships and greatly contributed to the prominence of Taiwanese OEMs as the center of laptop manufacturing from regarding 1995 onward.

Another notable laptop was the Cambridge Z88, designed by Clive Sinclair, introduced in 1988. regarding the scale of an A4 sheet of paper similarly, it ran on normal batteries, and contained basic spreadsheet, word processing, and communications programs. It anticipated the future miniaturization of the portable computer; and, as a ROM-based machine with alittle display, can -- like the TRS-80 Model 100 -- even be seen as a forerunner of the non-public digital assistant.

By the tip of the Eighties, laptop computers were becoming popular among business folks. The NEC Ultralite, released in mid-1989, was perhaps the first personal computer, weighing simply over 2 kg; in lieu of a floppy or hard drive, it contained a two megabyte RAM drive, but this reduced its utility still as its size. the primary notebook computers to include onerous drives were those of the Compaq LTE series, introduced toward the end of that year. actually the scale of a notebook, they also featured backlit displays with CGA resolutions (though not CGA colors).

The Macintosh transportable, Apple's first try at a battery-powered computerThe initial Apple computer machine designed to be used on the go was the 1989 Macintosh transportable (although an LCD screen had been an option for the transportable Apple IIc in 1984). actually a "luggable", the Mac transportable was praised for its clear active matrix display and long battery life, however was a poor seller attributable to its bulk. in the absence of a true Apple laptop, several compatible machines such as the Outbound Laptop were available for Mac users; but, for copyright reasons, the user had to supply a group of Mac ROMs, which usually meant having to shop for a replacement or used Macintosh yet.

The Apple PowerBook series, introduced in October 1991, pioneered changes that are currently de facto standards on laptops, like the position of the keyboard, space for palm rest, and also the inclusion of a built-in pointing device (a trackball). the subsequent year, IBM released its Thinkpad 700C, featuring an analogous style (though with a distinctive red TrackPoint pointing device).

Later PowerBooks introduced the primary 256-color displays (PowerBook 165c, 1993), and first true touchpad, first 16-bit sound recording, and 1st built-in Ethernet network adapter (PowerBook 500, 1994).

The summer of 1995 was a significant turning point in the history of notebook computing. In August of that year Microsoft introduced Windows ninety five. it had been the first time that Microsoft had placed much of the facility management management in the operating system. prior to this point each complete used custom BIOS, drivers and in some cases, ASICs, to optimize the battery lifetime of its machines. This move by Microsoft was controversial within the eyes of notebook designers as a result of it greatly reduced their ability to innovate; however, it did serve its role in simplifying and stabilizing bound aspects of notebook design. Windows 95 additionally ushered in the importance of the CD-ROM in mobile computing and initiated the shift to the Intel Pentium processor because the base platform for notebooks. The Gateway Solo was the primary notebook introduced with a Pentium processor and a CD-ROM. By also featuring a removeable arduous disk drive and floppy drive it had been the first three-spindle (optical, floppy, and hard disk drive) laptop computer. The Gateway Solo was extraordinarily successful within the consumer section of the market. In roughly the same time amount the Dell Latitude, Toshiba Satellite, and IBM Thinkpad were reaching great success with Pentium-based two-spindle (hard disk and floppy disk drive) systems directed toward the company market.

An laptop murah previous (1997) Micron laptopAs technology improved throughout the 1990s, the usefulness and recognition of laptops increased. Correspondingly prices went down. many developments specific to laptops were quickly implemented, improving usability and performance. Among them were:

Improved battery technology. The heavy lead-acid batteries were replaced with lighter and more economical technologies, 1st nickel cadmium or NiCD, then nickel metal hydride (NiMH) and then lithium ion battery and lithium polymer. Power-saving processors. while laptops in 1991 were restricted to the 80286 processor due to the energy demands of the more powerful 80386, the introduction of the Intel 386SL processor, designed for the particular power desires of laptops, marked the point at which laptop needs were included in CPU design. The 386SL integrated a 386SX core with a memory controller and this was paired with an I/O chip to create the SL chipset. it was a lot of integrated than any previous solution although its value was higher. it absolutely was heavily adopted by the most important notebook brands of the time. Intel followed this with the 486SL chipset which used the same design. However, Intel had to abandon this design approach as it introduced its Pentium series. Early versions of the mobile Pentium required TAB mounting (also utilized in LCD manufacturing) and this initially limited the number of corporations capable of supplying notebooks. However, Intel did eventually migrate to additional customary chip packaging. One limitation of notebooks has invariably been the difficulty in upgrading the processor which is a common attribute of desktops. Intel did try and solve this drawback with the introduction of the MMC for mobile computing. The MMC was a regular module upon which the CPU and external cache memory could sit. It gave the notebook buyer the potential to upgrade his CPU at a later date, eased the producing method some, and was also employed in some cases to skirt U.S. import duties as the CPU can be added to the chassis when it arrived in the U.S. Intel stuck with MMC for a few generations however ultimately could not maintain the suitable speed and knowledge integrity to the memory subsystem through the MMC connector. Improved liquid crystal displays, specifically active-matrix TFT (Thin-Flim Transitor) LCD technology. Early laptop screens were black and white, blue and white, or grayscale, STN (Super Twist Nematic) passive-matrix LCDs liable to serious shadows, ghosting and blurry movement (some portable pc screens were sharper monochrome plasma displays, however these drew an excessive amount of current to be powered by batteries). Color STN screens were used for some time although their viewing quality was poor. By concerning 1991, 2 new color LCD techologies hit the mainstream market in a huge way; dual STN and TFT. the dual STN screens solved several of the viewing problems of STN at a awfully cheap value and the TFT screens offered glorious viewing quality although initially at a steep worth. DSTN continued to supply a significant price advantage over TFT until the mid-90s before the value delta dropped to the point that DSTN was no longer utilized in notebooks. improvements in production technology meant displays became larger, sharper, had higher native resolutions, faster response time and will display color with great accuracy, making them an appropriate substitute for a conventional CRT monitor. Improved arduous disk technology. Early laptops and portables had only floppy disk drives. As thin, high-capacity arduous disk drives with higher reliability and shock resistance and lower power consumption became available, users might store their work on laptop computers and take it with them. The 3.5" HDD was created initially as a response to the requirements of notebook designers that required smaller, lower power consumption products. As pressure to continue to shrink the notebook size even further, the 2.5" HDD was introduced. Improved connectivity. Internal modems and standard serial, parallel, and PS/2 ports on IBM PC-compatible laptops created it easier to figure faraway from home; the addition of network adapters and, from 1997, USB, as well as, from 1999, Wi-Fi, created laptops as easy to use with peripherals as a desktop computer.

The $100 laptop

A first generation prototype of the $100 laptop In 2005, faculty members from the MIT Media Lab as well as Nicholas Negroponte introduced the $100 laptop and therefore the One Laptop Per child project. The aim is to design, manufacture, and distribute laptops that are sufficiently cheap to provide every child in the world access to knowledge and modern varieties of education. The laptops are to be sold to governments and issued to kids by faculties. These equipments, of which many prototypes have already been presented, will be rugged, Linux-based, and therefore energy economical that a hand-cranking dynamo will alone offer sufficient power for operation (although this hand-crank has since been removed). Ad-hoc wireless mesh networking is also used to permit many machines to share a single net connection.